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  • Polite Verb Conjugations

~ませんでした(か)

Niko portraitNiko

"Oh, wow, I can't wait to look at some more polite verb conjugations."

...says me ...in Bizarro World.

If I'm being completely honest with you, I'm pretty sick of all these conjugation lessons. Maybe you are, too.

But I have good news: After this lesson, we can take a break from all this verb conjugation talk.

Rejoice.

Then review.

Just. One. More.


~ませんでした

~ませんでした is the negative form of ~ました.

In other words, ~ませんでした is the past tense of ~ません.

In grammar speak, we can say that ~ませんでした is the verb ending for polite negative past tense.

If you've read our previous lessons, this is going to be very easy.

Specifically, review the lesson on ~ません(か).

After you've mastered those conjugations, you'll be happy to know that all we have to do is add ~でした to ~ません in order to make ~ません past tense.

Here are the conjugation lists, which I'm sure you're just dying to see...


1) Godan Verbs // Group I Verbs // u-verbs

Take the final kana of a verb, which ends in a 'u' sound, and change it so that it ends in an 'i' sound.

-ません Form: After we change the ending to an 'i" sound, we add -ません to the end of it.
-ませんでした Form: Add -でした to -ません to make it past tense.

-う (-u) → -いません (-imasen) → -いませんでした (-imasendeshita)
-く (-ku) → -きません (-kimasen) → -きませんでした (-kimasendeshita)
-ぐ (-gu) → -ぎません (-gimasen) → -ぎませんでした (-gimasendeshita)
-す (-su) → -しません (-shimasen) → -しませんでした (-shimasendeshita)
-つ (-tsu) → -ちません (-chimasen) → -ちませんでした (-chimasendeshita)
-ぬ (-nu) → -にません (-nimasen) → -にませんでした (-nimasendeshita)
-ぶ (-bu) → -びません (-bimasen) → -びませんでした (-bimasendeshita)
-む (-mu) → -みません (-mimasen) → -みませんでした (-mimasendeshita)
-る (-ru) → -りません (-rimasen) → -りませんでした (-rimasendeshita)

And now let's look at (1) Dictionary Form, (2) -ません Form, and (3) -ませんでした Form:

(Reminder: These are godan verbs.)

買う(かう // kau // to buy)
買いません(かいません // kaimasen // not buy)
買いませんでした(かいませんでした // kaimasendeshita // did not buy)

行く(いく // iku // to go)
行きません(いきません // ikimasen // not go)
行きませんでした(いきませんでした // ikimasendeshita // did not go)

脱ぐ(ぬぐ // nugu // to take off [e.g. shoes])
脱ぎません(ぬぎません // nugimasen // not take off [e.g. shoes])
脱ぎませんでした(ぬぎませんでした // nugimasendeshita // did not take off [e.g. shoes])

押す(おす // osu // to push; to press)
押しません(おしません // oshimasen // not push; not press)
押しませんでした(おしませんでした // oshimasendeshita // did not push; did not press)

立つ(たつ // tatsu // to stand)
立ちません(たちません // tachimasen // not stand)
立ちませんでした(たちませんでした // tachimasendeshita // did not stand)

死ぬ(しぬ // shinu // to die)
死にません(しにません // shinimasen // not die)
死にませんでした(しにませんでした // shinimasendeshita // did not die)

遊ぶ(あそぶ // asobu // to play)
遊びません(あそびません // asobimasen // not play)
遊びませんでした(あそびませんでした // asobimasendeshita // did not play)

飲む(のむ // nomu // to drink)
飲みません(のみません // nomimasen // not drink)
飲みませんでした(のみませんでした // nomimasendeshita // did not drink)

座る(すわる // suwaru // to sit down)
座りません(すわりません // suwarimasen // not sit down)
座りませんでした(すわりませんでした // suwarimasendeshita // did not sit down)

Next, let's look at ichidan verbs (↓).


2) Ichidan Verbs // Group II Verbs // ru-verbs

Drop -る (-ru) and add -ません (-masen) or -ませんでした (-masendeshita):

食べる(たべる // taberu // to eat)
食べません(たべません // tabemasen // not eat)
食べませんでした(たべませんでした // tabemasendeshita // did not eat)

起きる(おきる // okiru // to get up; to wake up)
起きません(おきません // okimasen // not get up; not wake up)
起きませんでした(おきませんでした // okimasendeshita // did not get up; did not wake up)

Finally, the irregular verbs...


3) Irregular Verbs // Group III Verbs

する(suru // to do; to make)
しません(shimasen // not do; not make)
しませんでした(shimasendeshita // did not do; did not make)

来る(くる // kuru // to come)
来ません(きません // kimasen // not come)
来ませんでした(きませんでした // kimasendeshita // did not come)



Example Time

What's the point of looking at all of these different conjugations if we don't look at how they're used in actual conversations?!

(Note that all of the speakers in the following conversations are using polite/formal language.)

A:

レストランはどうでしたか?

レストラン は どう でした か?

How was the restaurant?

“restaurant + は + how + was + か?”

You may recall that でした is the polite past tense of です.

B:

結局行きませんでした。

けっきょく いきませんでした。

I didn’t go there, in the end.

“after all + did not go.”

昨日は何も食べませんでした。

きのう は なにも たべませんでした。

I didn’t eat anything yesterday.

“yesterday + は + nothing (=what + も) + did not eat.”

A:

映画は面白かったですか?

えいが は おもしろかった です か?

Was the movie good?

“movie + は + was interesting / was fun / was good + です + か?”

You may recall that ~かったです is the polite past tense of i-adjectives.

B:

ん~、意味がよくわかりませんでした。

ん~、 いみ が よく わかりませんでした。

The movie? Well, I didn’t really understand it.

“[sound that indicates thinking], + meaning + が + well + did not understand.”

Like our other polite verb forms, adding か to the end will make it a question:

買いませんでした。

かいませんでした。

I didn’t buy it.

“did not buy.”

買いませんでしたか?

かいませんでした か?

Did you not buy it?

“did not buy + か?”

Let's confuse ourselves!

Translating the nuances of sentences, especially without any situational context, is extremely difficult. For example, above I translated 買いませんでしたか? as "Did you not buy it?" Initially, however, I was thinking about translating it as "You didn't buy it?" or possibly "Didn't you buy it?"

The reason that I ultimately went with "Did you not buy it?" is that "You didn't buy it?" and "Didn't you buy it?" are likely to carry the nuance of, "I thought you would buy it, but you're telling me that you didn't?" Maybe we could argue that "Did you not buy it?" can carry this nuance, as well. The specific meaning of the English depends a lot on word stress.

Let's say that the speaker did want to say "Didn't you buy it?" or "You didn't buy it?" with the meaning of "I thought you would buy it, but you're telling me that you didn't?" or "You should have bought it, but you're saying that you didn't?" How would we phrase that in Japanese?

💀 💀 Thinking Space 💀 💀
💀 💀 Thinking Space 💀 💀
💀 💀 Thinking Space 💀 💀
💀 💀 Thinking Space 💀 💀

Hint #1: We would say something different than 買いませんでしたか?...

💀 💀 Thinking Space 💀 💀
💀 💀 Thinking Space 💀 💀
💀 💀 Thinking Space 💀 💀
💀 💀 Thinking Space 💀 💀

Hint #2: We would use ~んですか?, which is a more formal version of question-ending の?, which we saw in an earlier lesson.

And the answer is...

💀 💀 Breath-Holding Space 💀 💀
💀 💀 Breath-Holding Space 💀 💀
💀 💀 Breath-Holding Space 💀 💀
💀 💀 Breath-Holding Space 💀 💀

買わなかったんですか?

かわなかった んです か?

Didn't you buy it? // You didn't buy it?

"didn't buy + んです + か?"

Difficult? Yeah, I think so, too. Deciding whether or not to put ~の? or ~んですか? on the end of a question is one of the more difficult parts of speaking Japanese. Let's just pick it up slowly over time.


Finished!

I know it was tough getting through all of these conjugations of polite verb forms, but I highly encourage you to take your time really mastering this stuff. You'll be using it all throughout your studies, after all.

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