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  • JLPT N4

~ずに

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JLPT N4: ~ずに (without [doing s.t.])

We just saw ~ないで, yeah?

~ずに means pretty much the same thing:

V ずに / V ないで
without VERB-ing; instead of VERB-ing

So these two sentences are more or less the same:

昨夜は歯を磨かずに寝てしまった。

さくや は は を みがかずに ねて しまった。

I (accidentally) fell asleep without brushing my teeth last night.

“last night + は + teeth + を + not brush (and) + に + (accidentally) fell asleep.”

昨夜は歯を磨かないで寝てしまった。

さくや は は を みがかないで ねて しまった。

I (accidentally) fell asleep without brushing my teeth last night.

“last night + は + teeth + を + don't brush (and) + (accidentally) fell asleep.”

~ず is an old form of ~ない, though you still hear it quite a bit today.

To conjugate a verb with ~ず, first try putting it into ~ない form (the negative present plain tense):

磨く(みがく // to brush [e.g. teeth]; to polish)
↓ ↓ ↓
磨かない(みがかない // not brush [e.g. teeth]; not polish)

Then drop off the ない and add ず:

磨かない(みがかない // not brush [e.g. teeth]; not polish)
↓ ↓ ↓
磨か-(みがか-)
↓ ↓ ↓
磨かず(みがかず // not brush [e.g. teeth]; not polish)


Like we saw with ~ないで, we can use ~ずに when describing that one action is done without doing another action:

アーミッシュの人々は、電気をほとんど使わずに生活しています。

アーミッシュ の ひとびと は、 でんき を ほとんど つかわずに せいかつ しています。

Amish people live without using hardly any electricity.

“Amish + の + people + は, + electricity + を + hardly / almost (not at all) + not use (and) + に + living + are doing.”

...and we can also use both ~ないで and ~ずに when describing that one action is done in place of another action:

野村さんは水を飲まずに、ジュースばかり飲んでいます。

のむら さん は みず を のまずに、 ジュース ばかり のんでいます。

Nomura-san doesn’t drink any water, only juice.

“Nomura-san + は + water + を + not drink (and) + に, + juice + only + is drinking.”

する has an irregular conjugation for ~ず:

する( // to do)
↓ ↓
せず( // not do)

An example:

参加する(さんかする // to participate)
↓ ↓ ↓
参加せず(さんかせず // not participate)
↓ ↓ ↓
参加せずに(さんかせずに // without participating; instead of participating)

昨日は飲み会に参加せずに、まっすぐ家に帰りました。

きのう は のみかい に さんか せずに、 まっすぐ いえ に かえりました。

Instead of going to the (drinking) party last night, I went straight home.

“yesterday + は + drinking party / get-together + に + participation + not do (and) + に, + straight (direction) + house + に + went home.”

Since a 飲み会 doesn't necessarily qualify as a "party" in my mind, I'm tempted to translate this as "Instead of going out with everyone last night..." Ah, sometimes English and Japanese just don't play nicely.


You'll find that「V ず」is used in quite a few grammatical constructions, particularly for JLPT N2 and N1.

You also hear it in daily life quite a bit. So it's worth taking the time to learn it.

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